Chi Mei Optoelectronics Essay

1. What prompted CMO to diversify from its core petrochemical base? What were the risks involved? In the late 1980s, Ho started to think that the future for petrochemicals in Taiwan was not very bright. At that time, he made the first visit to the nascent Hsinchu Science-Based Park where he found that everybody was doing pretty well. Then he began to think diversifying into something. Ho’s good friend Wu had been the principal investigator on the first TFT-LCD research project at the Electronics Research Service Organization (ERSO), part of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). ITRI had been responsible for the original technology transfer of RCA’s CMOS semiconductor process from New Jersey to Taiwan. Under Wu, ITRI had begun an investigation of small TFT-LCDs in 1989 and had moved on to three- to six-inch technology in 1990. But unlike what happened with TSMC, the Taiwanese government suddenly cut the budget, leaving ITRI without enough capital to comple te the plant’s construction. Wu suggested to Ho and Shi that manufacturing color filter arrays for LCD flat panels would be a very good move for Chi Mei, but Shi disagreed. But in 1997, the petrochemical industry suffered a severe contraction due to the Asian economic crisis. They asked Mitsubishi who said color filter was good. So Dr. Wu stayed outside for almost one and a half years until the founder decided to approve the plan. In fact, Chi Mei had been tracking the TFT-LCD industry since 1996, as many of the key ingredients used in fabricating TFT-LCD panels were based on materials derived from petrochemicals and were therefore closely related to CMC’s core products. But Shi was skeptical of direct investment because he was not sure whether his company could get a grasp on the core technologies. Shi soon recognized TFT-LCD as a â€Å"once in 100-year opportunity for Taiwan.† But the TFT-LCD industry counted only Japan, Korea, and Taiwan as major producers, and most of the demand at the time was coming from Taiwanese notebook computer manufactures. Japanese manufacturers supplied most of the color filters which was a lucrative business. Ho explained that by moving to become a full-line TFT-LCD producer, the company would be able to address a much larger market. Another consideration in the decision to enter the TFT-LCD industry was that TFT process technologies were not entirely new territory for CMC. CMC already possessed many chemical processing and mechanical technologies. Although CMC  was privately held, profitability from its petrochemicals operations made it cash-rich, with almost all of its credit lines unused. But Ho and Wu realized the importance of being a public company in order to attract the right talent, and they were able to convince Shi. CMO’s 2006 Annual Report detailed a long line of fund-raising activities to finance what subsequently turned into a huge string of investments. The risks involved were relying on the technical, financial and merchandising resources of the original product line and the company need acquiring new lines and markets, skills, techniques and facilities. 2. How did CMO implement its strategy of being a leading LCD manufacturer? Ho realized that CMO need a different organizational structure with different resources, processes, and priorities, so he opted for a separate subsidiary, with an independent structure and compensation model as well. He redesigned the pay structure by enlarging the compensation differential across various rankings and put in a larger performance bonus component.   They all recognized the importance of attracting key talent and the value such talent placed on an autonomous unit structure with decentralized management and the flexibility to act quickly. From the start, CMO’s strategy was different from other Taiwanese panel makers. CMO licensed the basic technology from ERSO, and then modified the licensed TFT structured and developed a new structure in Fujitsu’s fab. Since this new TFT structure was their own design, they could modify the process by themselves as needed. CMO was able to take advantage of one of the industry downturn cycles to enter the industry. The pioneering Japanese manufacturers were thus able to extend their window of profitability by generating licensing income. So CMO was able to test out some new, experimental cell structure designs using Fujitsu’s equipment and develop its internal processed as it was building its own factory. CMO also agreed to work as a Fujitsu supplier for LCD panels. In essence, they exchanged their production capacity for Fujitsu’s technical support. One of the key philosophies that CMO has is that it doesn’t outright purchase a complete technology package. It tries to develop what it needs to and it may put in some basic technology or hire an outside consultant to develop its proprietary, internal technology. What that allows it to do is to understand that technology much better and it’s much quicker for it to improve the technology. In mid-1999, in addition to becoming a fo undry supplier to  Fujitsu, CMO licensed Fujitsu’s MVA technology, which enabled wide viewing angles for large-size TV panels. CMO’s R&D team subsequently achieved several breakthroughs while working with the original MVA technology, developing its own proprietary â€Å"Omniview Color,† which significantly reduced the color shift of skin tones when viewing the panel from wide angles. In 2002, along with other Taiwanese LCD peers, CMO licensed a set of common TFT-LCD patents from the ERSO unit of ITRI. As CMO developed its capabilities, it sometimes took some major technological risks. While Fab 1 was still under construction, Shi realized that the accelerating rate of competition in the LCD industry necessitated bold investment decisions, so he approved the construction of Fab 2, a Gen 4 facility. By this time, Ho and Wu had become convinced that the key to the market was going to be flat-panel televisions, which meant larger panel sizes than were used in notebook computers and computer monitors. At that time, Fujitsu VLSI was developing an experimental technology called one-drop fill, in which many, many micropipette dispensers would each place a single drop of liquid crystal material between the two pieces of glass before they were sandwiched. CMO had sent a senior R&D team to evaluate the ODF equipment. Implementing a completely new technology like this in production entailed enormous risks. Ultimately, CMO made the decision to make it work and CMO not only became an industry pioneer in suing ODF but also filed many ODF-related patents. 3. Why did CMO vertically integrate? Was this a sound move? Though Chi Mei had originally intended to make only color filters, it had quickly moved into making the TFT-LCD sandwich. From 2003 to 2004 alone, as many as 15 Gen 5 fabs came onstream across Asia, driving finished panel pricing down. In the early part of the decade, display drivers could make up 15%to 20% of the overall production cost of an LCD display. CMO relied exclusively on Texas Instruments for it supply. Strategically, CMO management felt that to be successful over the longer term, the IC design team needed to have exposure to a more balanced customer portfolio, instead of supplying CMO exclusively. Therefore, management decided to spin off the team into a separate entity, Himax, so that it could engage other customers without conflict. CMO was able to move into photomasks, polarizer films, and many other key components by simply leveraging its expertise in chemical manufacturing. With the Himax model as a successful first step in upstream  integration, over the years CMO formed a web of tightly linked subsidiaries across its supply chain. These efforts at vertical integration helped alleviate some of the concerns about the availability of critical components. All these efforts made CMO one of the most vertically integrated of Taiwan’s TFT-LCD manufacturers. CMO created an environment that people come to them, whether internally or externally. 4. How did CMO’s leadership and culture impact the company’s performance? Shi espoused three credos as his guiding principles: (1) business was a way to pursue fulfillment, (2) people-oriented management was important, and (3) harmonious relationships were valuable. These credos set a very powerful tone within the company. A highly decentralized decision-making model enhanced this management philosophy. This made the company a very attractive place to work, allowing it to draw personnel from many quarters of Taiwanese industry when new initiatives were launched. One of the strengths of Chi Mei’s culture is the entrepreneurship and flexibility. The power to attract talent would later turn out to be a key enabler, as the company expanded into areas that required specialized technical expertise. Chi Mei didn’t lure people away from other companies; it just built a good environment and set up â€Å"stages† for people to develop businesses. In fact, all CMO did was build a good environment and everything else followed.

Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles

Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles Abstract This essay firstly gives a brief introduction of the status quo of subtitling practice.By elaborating the characteristics and functions of subtitling translation, analyzing the time and space constraints by using concrete examples exerted from Forrest Gump, Waterloo Bridges, Friends, Rain Man, Shrek, You’ve Got Mail, Liar Liar, Mind of Beauty, Schidle’s List, Pride and Prejudice, American Beauty, Out of Africa, After the Sunset for illustration, the author puts forward six workable strategies for subtitling translation, namely, the avoidance of mistakes on common sense, the application of condensation, due attention of cultural factors, the adoption of colloquial words with natural and fluent tone,the achievement of harmony between speed and visual pictures, good consideration of context. Finally, the importance of improving translation skills and work ethic of subtitle translators is high ligh tened with the hope for perfecting the subtitle translator’s practice in an efficient way. Key words: subtitling; characteristics; constraints; strategies; subtitle translators Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles OutlineThesis Statement: Translation of film’s subtitles, which plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication, is noteworthy of due attention in order to convey the accurate meaning of the original films to its audience. ?. Introduction: The Status Quo, Characteristics, and Functions of Subtitling Translation ?. Two Limiting Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation B. Space Constraint in Subtitling Translation ?. Tactics Drew From the Analysis of Some Movies A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense B. The Application of Condensation C. Due Attention of Cultural Factors D. The Adoption of Colloquial Words with Natural and Fluent Speed E. The Achievement of Harmony between Sp eed and Visual Pictures F. Good Consideration of Context ?. ConclusionPreliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles ?. Introduction A. The Status Quo of Subtitling Translation With the widening opening-up and deepening reformation as well as the increasing contact with other countries, English original films become more and more popular in our entertainment industry. When Americans are crazy with The Lord of the Rings, laughing with Shrek, arguing about Fahrenheit 9/11, and holding their breath at appreciating Spider-man, Chinese people also want to have a comprehensive understanding of them. However, not all Chinese people could understand English, so they have to turn to subtitles to gain a sense of satisfaction.Therefore, subtitling translation, which plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication, is noteworthy of due attention in order to convey the accurate meaning of the original films to its audience. B. Characteristics of Subtitling Transl ation Subtitles are the words that printed at the bottom part of the screen in the form of target language, following the sound of source language. Nedegaard-Larsen, Birgit once put subtitling translation as a type of special language conversion: the condensed written translation of the original oral speech. 1 Shuttleworth and Cowie also put it in this way—subtitling translation was a process which provides simultaneous instruction to the verbal activities happened in films and television programs. Gottieb once concluded the features of subtitling translation into five aspects: 1) written 2) addible 3) instantaneous 4) simultaneous 5) multimedia. 3 And personally speaking, there are at least three apparent features: 1. Proper condensation of original context: When a film is going, its viewers need to have heed of the subtitles while listening the original sound and appreciating the animated pictures. So subtitling translation not only needs accuracy, but also has to attach eq ual importance to the density of words in each line and the actor’s speaking speed, of which the complexity can be adjusted in accordance with the viewer acceptance. Therefore, proper condensation becomes the key point of subtitling translation.Let’s take a short conversation in Friends as an example, Rachel said: â€Å"Chandler, I gotta tell you, I love your mom’s books! I love her books! I cannot get on a plane without one†. The original subtitle translation goes like this: â€Å" ,!! , ,! † Although we can sense the literary beauty in it, we also can condense it into a better express way like â€Å" ,!! † 2. Conversion from written speech to colloquial form: Usually, the subtitles only stay on the screen for only a very little while. To make sure that the viewer can grasp the main idea easily, the style of the translated version should avoid unreadibility. So the control of oralization and readability outshine other factors.The translat ion of subtitles should to most extent choose oral and easy-understanding words and phrases, avoiding redundant words, repetitive expressions much foreignized set phrases and idioms as well as foreign allusions that Chinese people cannot understand. The sentence should not be tedious and lengthy, but be simple and easy-understanding, also the translation should avoid parenthesis, gerunds and clauses. 3. Being compatible with multimedia: For ordinary written works, information can be conveyed only through the form of characters, while for subtitles, it can convey the message altogether with visual information (movie pictures) and sound information (original sound, music and other stage sounds). Therefore, when the subtitles fail to convey the exact meaning, its viewers can get information from extra-linguistic message.Let’s take â€Å"Shrek† for example, Shrek’s anger can be shown by contorted face; Princess Fiona’s tenderness and kindness can be shown thr ough her gentle smile; the subtle effect can be sensed through its beautiful or soft or exciting music. All of these important extra-linguistic messages can be expressed by mere written characters, and these messages can aid subtitles to bring its functions into full play. C. Functions of Subtitling Translation When mentioning the functions of subtitling translation, usually I would like to conclude them into the following points: 1) Subtitling translation can facilitate its viewers to maximize their understanding to the original films.Because many Chinese viewers cannot understand English, they need some facilitating tools to help them to comprehend and appreciate them. After trying many methods, researchers find that subtitle is a very effective way to achieve this. It can convey the maximum message to the audience. 2) Subtitling translation serves as an aid to visual pictures and sound effect. Subtitle is a type of special conversion between translation and consecutive interpreta tion. Because in simultaneous interpretation and translation, readers and listeners receive the message in a constant way, while in consecutive interpretation, a time difference exists in the process, which is like the subtitle translation’s function in movies.And for subtitle, it must work with pictures and sounds when conveying its information, and in this process, viewers need to scan one line and then another to grasp the main idea, also a time difference happens, but this difference is much shorter than that in consecutive interpretation. 3) Subtitling translation can help its movie viewers to appreciate the original impact brought by the genuine effect. Viewers need just have a glimpse of the subtitles appearing at the bottom part of the screen while listening the original sound. 4) Good subtitling translation can be a good way for people to learn English. When people listen to English, they can see the Chinese.In the process, they may not only improve their English lis tening proficiency, but also enhance their English translation skills. ?. Limiting Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation Time constraint means that the picture movement and sound effect should be mutually accordant. Although film subtitle is not so strict as film dubbing, it should also convey the exact meaning by using the similar amount of time as it is used in source language. Furthermore, subtitle should stay on the screen long enough for viewers to scan. Usually, the time is not less than two seconds and not more than seven seconds (except for song lyrics).If translators ignore the time constraint in subtitling translation, some troubles might be caused for viewers to gain a total understanding. So specifically, sometimes translators need to use condensation and colloquial words to achieve the time harmony with other factors, such as the background music, characters’ facial expressions and so forth. B. Space Constraint in Subtitli ng Translation Space constraint means that the words and punctuations of subtitle appeared on the screen at one time should not be too many. According to Gottlieb’s study, the words appeared in each line of the subtitle are not more than thirty-five, and at most, two lines can be on at the same time.Therefore, if the subtitles in original movies are very long, the translators should adopt the condensation of words in order to present the viewers the proper and complete meaning within a limited space on the screen. For these part, the detailed the expatiation will be unfolded in the following strategies. ?. Workable Strategies Dealing With the Above Constraints A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense Example1: — Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump? — He is on vocation. (Chosen from Forrest Gump) The second sentence is Forrest Gump’s mother’s euphemistic response to the school’s principal’s question. In this sentence, â€Å"on vocation † dose not mean Forrest Gump’s father was really having a vocation or holiday, but means Forrest Gump’s father was dead.So when translating this phrase, translators should do a careful consideration, avoiding mistranslation in order to convey the exact meaning to its appreciators. Therefore, I personally think this sentence can be translated into â€Å" † instead of â€Å" †. Example 2: Myra: Nice of you to come and see me. Roy: Not at all. (Chosen from Waterloo Bridge) This concise dialogue shows that the two major characters are very excited at meeting each other, while the subtitles in aversion are â€Å" † â€Å" †, which obviously are very confusing. However, in another version, the translation is â€Å" ,! † â€Å" †. I think the latter translation is much better. Example 3: Myra: †¦ What the time is it? Kitty: It’s†¦ er†¦ almost eleven. Chosen from Waterloo Bridge) Kitty’s answer is very simple, but the subtitle is â€Å" †, and I think this trivial mistranslation is caused by translator’s carelessness, which seems to be a little bit irresponsible. Example 4: Joey: I gotta tell you. You’re the best in the business. Girl: Get out. (Chosen from Friends) The translation of â€Å" Get out† in the subtitle is â€Å" †, which is really absurd. Suppose we put it in this way, that means when the girl heard Joey’s praise to her, she did not say â€Å"thanks† to show her politeness, contrarily she asked Joey to leave, which is not proper in that context. Also, this scene happened on the platform, where there was no door, how a person could get out.So I think â€Å" Get out† should be translated into â€Å" † rather than â€Å" †. Example 5: I’m ready to pop. (Chosen from Liar Liar) The subtitle of this actor’s lines in a version is â€Å" †, which is really weird and makes th e audience puzzled. In fact, this sentence is the person’s response to the waiter, and it is a kind of euphemistic refusal. So it should be translated into â€Å" † or â€Å" †. So to conclude, Chinese is a parataxis language while English is a hypo-taxis language, so the rooting solution of mistranslation is that the subtitle translators should have a good command of English and Chinese. B. The Application of CondensationBecause of the space constraint, sometimes subtitles should be condensed and translators may eliminate some parts which can be easily sensed through the movie’s context. But this elimination should be proper and correct. Example 1: Momma always says there’s an awful lot you could tell about a person by their shoes. (Chosen from Forrest Gump) Subtitle: â€Å" , , †. Personally speaking, this Chinese translation seems a little bit long, and we might have a try to condense it into â€Å" , †. I think â€Å" , â₠¬  is better than â€Å" , , †. Also the modified translation could achieve the beautiful effect which is similar to a movie’s name Scent of Women ( ).Example 2: I turn on my computer, I wait impatiently as it connects, I go on line and my breath catches in my chest until I hear the three little words: â€Å"You’ve got mail! † I hear nothing, not even a sound on the streets of New York, just the beat of my own heart. I have mail! From you! † (Chosen from You’ve Got Mail) Subtitle: â€Å" , , , ‘ ’ , , , , ,!! † In this translation, two places applied condensation. 1) â€Å"You’ve got mail†. If we translate this sentence according to its literal meaning of each word, then the translation could be â€Å" †, but apparently, compared with the first translation â€Å" , the second one is inferior, because in the original speech, there is a clue â€Å" three little words†. So eliminating  " ? † and translating it into â€Å" † is quite splendid. 2) â€Å"I have mail! From you! † Translating it into â€Å" ! † is much better than translating it into â€Å" ! †, following the original order of each word. Furthermore, the original translation can give a vivid description of the major female character’s eager and excitement. Example 3: Shrek: It’s on my to do list now, come on! Fiona: But this isn’t right. You’re meant to charge in, sword drop, banner flying, that’s what all other knights did. (Chosen from Shrek)Subtitle: â€Å" ,! † â€Å" , , , ,. † Suppose we modified the former part into â€Å" , † or â€Å" , †, it would be concise and natural to Chinese viewers. Then we might adjust the latter part’s order into â€Å" , , †. Put them together and we get the translation â€Å" , † â€Å" , , †. I think the modified translation would exp ress its meaning in a concise way. And also it can keep the original animated sense. Therefore, in order to employ the tactic of condensation freely, the subtitle translators should comprehend the English and Chinese completely.English is a kind of hypo- taxis language while Chinese is a parataxis one. So when translating English into Chinese, translators should omit such unnecessary parts as some conjunctions. C. Due Attention of Cultural Factors In the source language, unavoidably there are many culture-loaded words containing special cultural meaning which cannot be easily sensed by its readers. These culture-loaded words, coming from religious books, historical stories or literature works and so forth, which are not familiar to its target language readers, sometimes may cause cultural clash and cultural vacuum. Considering the space constraint, adding notes is not feasible.So at this time, subtitle translators should adopt â€Å" liberal translation† on the basis of compr ehending the cultural factors. Example1: Don’t you take the Lord’s name in vain with me, you understand? (Chosen from Ghost) This sentence is the conjurator Oda Mae’s dissatisfactory response to Sam’s words. And â€Å" in vain† in this sentence was translated into â€Å" †. But this idiom, if we put it into Chinese, means â€Å" †, â€Å" † in this context. This meaning can be dated back to Bible, in which there is a sentence goes â€Å" Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. †( ). Therefore, the translation there should be modified into â€Å" , Example2: Shall we say swords, gentlemen? Pistols at dawn? (Chosen from Mind of Beauty) This sentence was said by a person who was drinking with his friends and Nash, when a beautiful blond came in, then they began to talk about who had advantage to talk with this girl first. If this sentence is literally translated, it should be â€Å" †, and th is sentence is definitely meaningless and will confuse its audience. Actually, this line contains the cultural content that in the middle century in western countries, the upper-class nobles usually gain their lovers by fighting, in which the tools are swords or pistols. We can see obviously this sentence is wisecrack.To make Chinese viewers understand and avoid additional explanation, subtitle translators had better omit the meanings of â€Å" swords† and â€Å" pistols† and translate it into â€Å" , , †. There â€Å" † is quite appropriate, for it can not only express these gentlemen’s meaning, but also keep the original meaning of gaining lovers through swords and pistols. In addition, this translation showcases the theory of functional equivalence proposed by Neda. Example 3: Shrek: What should we do with him? Donkey: Take the sword and neuter him right here. Give him the Bob Barker treatment (Chosen from Shrek) Subtitle: â€Å" † â €Å" , † Bob Barker treatment has something to do with the cultural background.In a famous American entertainment program The Price is Right ( ? ), the host Bob Barker always says â€Å" Help control the population, have your pets sprayed or neutered†( , ) at the end of the program. â€Å"Spray† is used to describe the female one, and â€Å" neuter† the male one. We can see the translation of this dialogue has expressed its cultural content fully. D. Adoption of Colloquial Words Subtitling translation of films is quite different from literature translation. Because when appreciating literature works, readers can adjust their reading speed according to their liking, capability of understanding as well as the works’ degree of complexity.When readers meet uncommon-used words or particular interesting chapters, they could slow down or read them repetitively; when they meet easy or tedious parts, they also could choose to speed up or just omit them. However, when people see movies, they are in the position of being passive, for they are the information receivers. In the process of appreciating a movie, time for digesting subtitles is short, and each scene is closely related, so the translation of subtitles is not allowed to have vague points. To achieve this, subtitle translators should adopt colloquial expressions. Example 1: My house is in the hills above Trujillo. A very simple place†¦ pink stones that warm in the sun†¦ kitchen arden that smells of herbs in the day†¦ jasmine in the evening. Through the gate is giant popular. Figs, apples, pears. The soil, Marcus, black†¦black like my wife’s hair. Grapes on the south slopes, olives on the north. Wild ponies play near my house, they tease my son. He wants to be one of them. (Chosen from Scrapper) Subtitles: â€Å" TRUJILLO , , , , , , † There are three pronouns at the end of this passage— â€Å"they†, â€Å"he† and  "them†. The literal translation of the last sentence is â€Å" , †.Although this sentence is right, the translating accent is very English, and it is not quite acceptable by Chinese people. So the translator changed it into â€Å" , † which sounds natural, colloquial and easy-understanding. E. The Achievement of Harmony between Sounds and Visual Pictures Film is kind of comprehensive art combine with listening and watching. Visual pictures and sounds are mutual complemented to each other. So to achieve the harmony between them is quite essential. Example 1: Lester: So, Janie. How was school? Janie: It’s ok! Lester: Just okay? (dissatisfied) Janie: No, Dad. It was spectacular! (impatient) (Chosen from American Beauty)There â€Å" spectacular† is a relatively longer word, and the Chinese translation is â€Å" † or â€Å" †, but â€Å" † or â€Å" † is a little bit short. When the subtitle has completed displayed to th e viewers, the actor could probably not stop moving her lips. So to achieve the agreement, the translation had better be â€Å" †. In addition, â€Å" † also could express Janie’s impatient feeling. Example 2: Ah, there it is. (Chosen from Mind of Beauty) When Nash was playing checks with his rival, several students were watching, and in the end, one of them said that sentence. If we translate it literally, the translation should be â€Å" † which is very vague. And in he movie, we can see, following this sentence, Nash smiled. So this sentence contains the hidden meaning that Nash would win the competition. So, if we translate it into â€Å" ? , †, then it will be more accordant with the picture ( Nash’s smile). F. Good Consideration of Context Each exciting moment in film is established through dialogues, and their meanings should be coherent, so the context of film stands in an important position. Subtitle translators should know the a ctors’ purpose very well through the context. Only thus could the translated subtitles be understood by the viewers. Example 1: Go to the mattress. (Chosen from You’ve Got Mail)This sentence is originated from the actor’s line in movie The Godfather, and it means that it is the time for fighting, because this scene happened in the context that the sinister gang would sleep together temporarily on several beds before fighting in the next day. Therefore, the translation of this should be â€Å" †. But if the subtitle translators don not know its origination, they are likely to put it into the way of â€Å" †, which is really ridiculous and probably cause misunderstanding to its viewers about the two major characters’ relationship. Example 2: Karen: And you? How is it with the fighting? Denys: Were taking a beating. It’s likely to last for a while. (Chosen from Out of Africa) A translation version for this dialogue is â€Å" † à ¢â‚¬Å" , †.In this version, the translation â€Å" † for â€Å" taking a beating† is not proper, though from the literal meaning, it is accordant with the later part â€Å" It’s likely to last for a while†. However, if we do a careful analysis, we will find Denys’ answer is not acceptable to Karen’s question. Because Karen asked Denys how the fighting was going on, and she needs a description, while Denys just answered Karen there was a beating. In our daily life, we don not answer others’ questions in this way. In fact, â€Å" taking a beating† is an English idiom, and it means â€Å" difficult to surpass†, so why don’t we translate it in this way â€Å" , †. I think it will be much better.There are many such kind of examples. Now let me compare a word’s meaning in different context. 1) Schidle: Well, I’m a German. All right, you’ve done it. A good company, you think? Stern: M odestly successful! (Chosen from Schindle’s List) There â€Å" good company† can be translated it into â€Å" †, but â€Å" ? † can be divided into many aspects. According to Schidle’s reply and his identity as a businessman, it is not hard to sense his purpose that he wanted to know whether this company was profitable or not. So I think the translation had better be â€Å" ? , , † â€Å" †. 2) Stern: You stand in the line or there, but there is no good. Chosen from Schindle’s List) â€Å" no good† in Chinese means â€Å" †, but according to the situation then— Jews wanted to find a job in Schidle’s factory, but without blue cards, they cannot get any job there, so Stern said to one of the Jews that sentence. Considering all these, I think we can change â€Å" † into another expression like â€Å" , †. 3) Goeth: You want to say where you are. You’ve got things going on the s ide, things are good, you don’t want anybody telling you what to do— I can understand all that, didn’t I? (Chosen from Schindle’s List) This scene happened in this context: Goeth was a bad guy who always kills people.He thought Schindle wanted to build a small camp by employing Jews, so he thought Schindle would turn to him for help. Then he said the sentence above. According to the movie’s content, we know â€Å"thing† means â€Å"establishing a small camp† there, so â€Å"good† means â€Å"profitable†. Then the subtitle could be translated as â€Å" , , , , † 4) Darcy: But that was what she liked. People flatter her so much she enjoys an occasional change. Lizzy: I’m afraid I gave her a good change this afternoon. (Chosen from Pride and Prejudice) According to the movie’s content, we know that Darcy’s aunt is a person who likes other’s flattery.Lizzy’s reply is an irony. I onc e saw a kind of translation in a version was â€Å" †, in which the translation of â€Å" good† is liberal. This translation did not keep the original speaking tone of the speaker, and could not show Lizzy’s smartness and character. So I suggest this translation be changed into â€Å" †. All in all, subtitling translation should be connected with the film’s different context. Then only do so, can it convey the genuine meaning to its viewers. ?. Conclusion In consideration of the time and space constraints as well as the analysis of those examples, I have concluded the subtitling translation tactics into six aspects.Right now, I also would like to provide a piece of advice to the subtitle translators—to be a subtitle translator with intelligence and work ethic. For intelligence, subtitle translators may do their efforts by enhancing the following three aspects. Firstly, subtitles translators should do efforts on dealing with untranslatabili ty. Secondly, subtitle translators should improve their proficiency of language, including the proficiency of both source language and target language. The more proficient about language the subtitle translators are, the more freely and skillfully could they accomplish their task. Last but equally important, subtitle translators should strengthen their listening ability.Correct translation can only be achieved through correct comprehension, and listening accurately is the first necessary step for correct comprehension. Cultural vacuum is unavoidable in subtitling translation. Under the condition of being impossible to find an equivalent word in the target language, subtitle translators might â€Å"create† a new word reasonably. For work ethic, the author thinks subtitle translators may perfect themselves from the following three aspects. First, subtitle translators should be passionate. Because passion can make subtitle translators be interested in their translating work. Sec ond, subtitle translators should be careful and responsible for their work,because their attitudes play a great part in the subtitle translators’ work.Third, subtitle translators should be perseverant. Because subtitling translation needs a great devotion of time and energy, which is rather harsh to many subtitle translators. The author wants to contribute her study and effort to the subtitling translation by writing this essay, and firmly believes by applying correct tactics, we will make a prosperous future in the field of subtitling translation. Notes 1 Nedergaard-Larsen, Bright, â€Å"Culture-bound Problems in Subtitling†in. Perspectives (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1993), 27. 2 Shuttleworth M. and Cowie, ed. , Dictionary of Translation Studies. (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1997), 264. 3 Gottlieb, H. Subtitling— A New University Discipline,† in Teaching Translation And Interpreting: Training, Talent And Experience C Dollerup & A Lodegaard (Eds) Amsterdam, ed. John Benjamins Company (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1992), 47. Bibliography Xu, Lisheng , ed. Intercultural Communication In English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004. ( ), : ,1999? , : ,2007? , : ,1994? , : ,2001? : ,2001? ( ), : , 2004? ( ), : ,2007? ,. : , 2007? , : ,2001?

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay

The discovery of the New World happened to coincide with the spread of European power and culture around the known world. This spread was the result of various developments that had occurred, particularly the following: â€Å"the explosive growth of trade, towns, and modern corporations; the religious zeal generated by the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation;†1 as well as the usual reasons of â€Å"greed, conquest, racism, and slavery. †2 By the time of the 1400s, these and other forces combined to make Europeans search for new lands to conquer and settle, as well as for new people to convert, civilize, or exploit. 3 Columbus’ various voyages to the New World opened the door for more exploration and settlement of the New World. The first European power to make concerted efforts to explore the New World was Spain, and they had three distinct motives: to win over converts to Catholicism; to conquer land; and, to get rich. 4 Eventually following Spain were England and France, both of which had similar motives: to extend their empires into the New World, as well as profit from the establishment of colonies in the New World. Clearly, then, the ultimate goal of exploration and conquest in the New World was to increase power and wealth. 2. Explain the religious persecutions in England that pushed the Separatists into Plymouth and the Quakers into Pennsylvania. Explain how England’s Glorious Revolution also prompted changes in the colonies. The Separatists, also known as the Pilgrims, were forced out of England due to their religious beliefs. They were part of the â€Å"most uncompromising sect of Puritans†¦who had severed all ties with the Church of England. †5 They felt that the Church of England was not completely separated from the Catholic Church. Speaking out against the Church of England led to persecutions by King James I and Anglican officials. 6 The Separatists then fled to Holland, but while there, felt that their children were becoming too Dutch and straying from their staunch Puritan beliefs. As a result, they secured a land patent from the Virginia Company and in 1620, sailed to America. 7 The Quakers were the â€Å"most influential of many radical groups that sprang from†¦the English Civil War. †8 They carried further than any other group the doctrine of â€Å"individual spiritual inspiration and interpretation,† which they called â€Å"the inner light. †9 Doing away with many of the trappings of the Church of England, the Quakers embraced a simple way of life and were extremely pacifist. 10 This did not coincide with the ways of the Anglican Church, and thus, they were persecuted a great deal. They chose to leave England and settle in the New World, where they would be able to practice their beliefs without fear of reprisal. First establishing the colony of New Jersey, they soon migrated to the opposite side of the Delaware River and established the colony of Pennsylvania. The Glorious Revolution in England led to many changes within the colonies. The colonies that had been absorbed into the Dominion of New England – Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey – all reverted to their former governments. 11 They were also able to retain their former status, â€Å"except Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, which†¦were united under a new charter in 1691 as the royal colony of Massachusetts Bay. †12 Another change was the passage of the Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act in England in 1689, both of which â€Å"limited the powers of the country’s monarchs and affirmed a degree of freedom of worship for all Christians, thereby influencing attitudes – and the course of events – in the colonies. †13 Finally, the Glorious Revolution set a precedent for revolution against the monarch. In other words, it laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, which would free the colonies from British rule. 14 5. Explain how and why the British won the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was the last of four major wars involving the European powers and their New World colonies. 15 In this particular war, the cause of contention was upper Ohio River valley. Controlled by the French, they became irate when some Virginians moved into the territory to make trade with the Indians easier, as well as to survey land granted to them by King George III. 16 Attempts to warn off the French failed, and eventually warfare broke out in the disputed area. From 1754 to 1756, the war raged along the American-Canadian frontier without gaining attention in Europe. 17 From 1756 until the war ended, it would be merged with the Seven Years’ War in Europe. 18 The change in status of the French and Indian War coincided with a change within the British government. William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain, and under his leadership, the British would defeat the French. Allied with the Indians, who wanted the French out of their territory, the British utilized their superior naval fleet to cut off French reinforcements and supplies to the New World. 19 The decisive point of the war was the Battle of Quebec in 1759. After two months of attempting to break French defenses, the British were able to find a path that allowed them to get closer to the French camp. In the battle that followed, the British routed the French, thus ending French power in North America. 20

PBS series America Revealed Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PBS series America Revealed - Research Paper Example The episode on ‘Food Machine’ enlightens viewers regarding farming and supply of different food items in the country. The extensive supply chain through which farmed food items go through is elaborated and challenges are discussed. The episode is certainly an eye opener with regards to the overall food industry of the country. Most people while consuming food items don’t consider the effort that goes into the farming and distribution of vegetables, fruits, and other food items. The overall process is highly sophisticated and includes many valuable lessons with respect to supply chain management. The episode revealed a very important fact that efficiency of supply chain depends upon the effective work of all units working in the supply chain. Another important thing that one can learn from the episode is the strong association between planning and successful operations management. The third important thing that one can pick from the episode is that production can b e increased through infusing technology in the supply chain effectively. Efficiency of Supply Chain and Role of Individual Working Units The sophisticated food supply chain of United States is working effectively and efficiently just because all the individual working units in the supply chain are perfectly synchronized. The most important thing in supply chain management is to make sure that all the players involved in the chain are working effectively because time lag at any level can disrupt the whole change and can reduce efficiency. This is what the episode on food production teaches the audience. A pizza is enjoyed by a consumer because farmers grow the required vegetables in time and supply them to the markets from where they go to pizza stores. The whole process involves many small players upon whom the efficiency of supply chain is dependent. Even if one of them do not work hard enough then the end consumer will suffer. Supply chain management is only efficient when no extra time is consumed on any individual unit in the supply chain. This is only possible when all individual players do their job on time fla wlessly. The episode tells us how farmers are working day and night in producing food items that find place in markets all over the country. The synchronization between all players is the most important thing because without it nothing can work in the food industry. Synchronization of all players in the supply chain is most significant as it is the only thing that can increase efficiency of a supply chain (Khouja, 984). Link between Planning and Effective Supply Chain Management The episode revealed that long term planning is essential in order to develop an effective supply chain. It was all because of extensive planning in 1940s that California was able to get the necessary water required for farming. Without this long term planning of the government, farmers of the area would never have been able to develop so much. It is essential in supply chain management to plan many years ahead of time and anticipate future needs and demands. Government made dams and developed irrigation sys tem in order to support farmers and this is how production increased significantly. All this was possible due to extensive long term planning of the government. Long term planning in supply chain management is important today because demands are ever changing and consumers are demanding news thing every day. The trick is to anticipate this demand and develop an effective supply chain that can fulfill the demands of the consumers. Long term planning is an important part of effective supply chain management (Spekman, Kamauff, & Myhr, 53).This is one of the most significant things one can learn from the episode because all the production of food items became possible through dams and canals planned by the government many years ago. People of today are bearing the fruits of this long term pl

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Summary - Essay Example The Scales seem to point heavily in favour of presidential primacy as the most prudent and effective approach. It is clear that the Framers agreed that there should be no absolute seat of power. This was achieved by dividing power across the three separate branches of government. Framers were willing to trade military and diplomatic efficiency to preclude either branch from consolidating authority and achieving absolute power. Article I Section 8 states that congress† shall have power†¦to declare war.† Article II Section 2 states that â€Å"The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief.† Unfortunately matters are not so clear and straight forward. The authority of the president as commander-in-chief ought to exist without limitation, because it is impossible to foresee or to define the extent and variety of national exigencies. The political thinker Hugo Grotius noted that a declaration of war contained many legal functions unrelated to the use of armed force – legal aspects of war. In an 1800 opinion rendered in the Eliza case, the court acknowledged a differe nce between formal declared war and a more confined version. In the United States v Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation et.al. decision of 1936, the Court certified the authority of the president with respect to external affairs. It is further noted that on February 15, 1816, the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported that â€Å"The President is the constitutional representative of the United States with regard to foreign relations.† The evolution of the legal and political authorities by which the United States approaches war also would appear to be based these legal opinions. In sum, then, two matters seem settled. The Framers clearly acknowledged the broad legal aspects of a war declaration and as such granted this power only to the congress. On the other hand, they also recognized that there were occasions during peacetime when it was necessary to apply military force to realize

Globalisation in China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Globalisation in China - Assignment Example From this study it is clear that the developing countries are said to be beneficial from the international trade as they undertake technological innovation in the process of competing with the developed countries. The trade driven globalization process has created new opportunities for many countries due to poverty reduction and increase in economic growth. However, despite all the advantages of globalization there are certain disadvantages of globalization such as the domestic firms lose their power in the local market with the emergence of foreign competition. There has been integration among the nations that is both qualitative as well as quantitative integration in the international trading system. However, globalisation has offered a lot of opportunities in China. As the paper outlines the globalisation in China has led to an increase in FDI and foreign trade that has further raised the opportunity of FDI inflow and outflow in China. The country’s dependence on foreign tr ade has increased rapidly and China started participating in international trade due to the exchange of goods and services. As a result of globalisation, China has received a lot of fund for carrying out the production activities and there has been technological development as well as establishing new industries. The study suggests that China has become the third largest trading nation after the United States and Germany.  

English literature on poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English literature on poetry - Essay Example As the second stanza begins, the relater strikes a chord that all thoughts of her are still far-flung as the young woman in the photograph goes dancing ‘in the ballroom with the thousand eyes’: it gives the impression as though all the eyes were on her future mother. She envisions how her mother must have danced, and can comprehend that if the right person walked her house, she would have been in a daydream the next day: ‘those fizzy, movie tomorrows’ juggle up the miraculous feeling flawlessly. The daughter also knows that her grandmother would have been waiting with a thrashing if her mother was behind schedule home, but that this would have been a tiny cost to pay for such a nighttime out. In the third stanza, the daughter passes on to the moment of her birth with the expression ‘my loud, possessive yell’, handing over the thought that this was a crucial, life-changing split second. She becomes conscious that the ten years earlier her birth, as her mother moved toward parenthood, must have been the unsurpassed ones. She can consider playing with an elderly pair of her mother's ‘high-heeled red shoes, relics,’ and films her mother walking in them, bizarrely referring to her ‘ghost’ as she approaches. Her mind's eye takes on the senses equally on picture and odor as the picture becomes more glowing: ‘till I see you, clear as scent’; she thinks of her mother as ‘darling’, and envisions that she would have had love bites on her neckline. The fourth and final stanza begins with an animated Cha Cha Cha! in italics, and the daughter girl retains information on how her mother trained her to dance on the way home from cathedral. There is the wisdom of the outlawed here, rumbling the thought of her mother going home late to a penalty conceivably. These dancing coaching seem to have been in practice when the daughter was still a kid, as she says ‘Even then / I wanted the bo ld girl winking in Portobello’. The final two lines of the poem portray the mother's adobe as enchanting, and in the concluding one, the daughter incarcerates the quintessence of her mother's teenage years where she used to 'sparkle and waltz and laugh', fashioning a picture of a full of life, lighthearted, blithe young woman. Duffy compares the young woman's dreamy fantasies with the actuality of motherliness, which will come ten years later: â€Å"The thought of me doesn't occur/in...The fizzy, movie tomorrows/ the right walk home could bring...’’ hence, making it a very admiring, light-hearted beautiful piece of poetry. Activity 2 The poem is a four-canto one, each stanza comprises of five lines, with a little deviation in measurement lengthwise of line. The first two stanzas highlight solely on the life of the mother before the offspring was born, at the same time the third stanza unlocks with an indication to the daughter's delivery and then shifts to the daughter's mental picture of her mother in her past life, thus connecting a bond with the preceding stanzas. The fourth stanza starts on with reminiscence from the daughter's younger life with her mom, and then takes us backside once more to the mother's days of passion for dancing. The outward appearance of the poem is predictable: empty verse (unrhymed pentameters) stanzas, all of

Quality Management Planning Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality Management Planning Strategy - Essay Example This means the current processes need to be improvised to continually achieve better and higher outcomes. For this, the company will be adopting an overall Total Quality Management (TQM) approach, which will focus on overall improvement of the company, its processes, products and services with the help of knowledge and experience of all employees. This approach is highly flexible and can adopt various practices (Ghuman & Ashwathappa, 2010). Implementation of TQM across the organization is done through various tools and techniques in congruence with the nature of the work. The manufacturing units will use Six Sigma and Lean methodology by which the quality and efficiency of product manufacturing will be judged and continuously improved to achieve Six Sigma level of accuracy. Six-Sigma will be based on data and statistics of products and their quality. Moreover, lean methods will help in eliminating wastage and in reducing manufacturing costs. To maintain healthy and safe work environment, effective and well-defined processes for disposal and storage, and safety methods will be followed at all locations (Organization-wide approaches, n.d). The standardized processes for manufacturing across all locations will be retained; however, to reduce the manufacturing lead time, raw materials will be acquired on a Just-in-time (JIT) basis (Ghuman & Ashwathappa, 2010). However, considering the fluctuating demand and rapidly changing market environment, the product process will follow the pull process, which adapts production to customers’ demand. Benchmarked targets will then be applied for individual production units on an hourly, daily and monthly basis till the project is completed. Quality Circles will be formed at every location with small group of employees who will assess the quality of all functions and products.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

History - Essay Example Globalization is a continuous process that is yet to be realized in some developing nations. However, historians believe that it began in Europe, during the BCE. This discourse is about the history and the demand among other relevant aspects of globalization. History records that the earliest globalizations were realized when there was need to expand the trade links and capacities between two major trading partners, namely Indus and the summer during the 3rd millennium B.C.E. This occurred during the Hellenistic era, associated with the introduction of Greece culture into commercialized zones like India and Spain among others. Some historical records that Alexandria is among the first cities to embrace globalization, even though others believe it adopted globalization few decades after the initial globalization was recorded. Greece main force to expand its operations and trade with other regions was the issue of importing wheat among other major raw materials. The commodity was entir ely transported by the ships and canoe among other water transport vessels that existed during the Hellenistic era. Several trade links were later established and the three main links were the Han dynasty, the famous Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire among others. There was an expansion in transport routes from the borders of ancient China to Rome to enhance international trade. Furthermore, there was increase in Greece Ships sailed to the furthest corner of India among other Asian nations, in search of wheat among other raw materials. First globalization was meant to enhance international trade between the earliest Asian and European nations; however, it came with several negative implications to the societies involved. The Chinese from the Han Empire developed some conflicts that led to ancient war with other Asian Kingdoms like the Persians and the Indian Kingdoms among other Asian kingdoms. Han who was the ruler of Wu Empire declared war with the Yuezhi Kingdom, with the main aim of taking control of the Tarim Basin. Globalization was further enhanced by the Muslims during the golden age, when more trade routes or links were established between the Radhanites or Jewish and the Muslim community. The two communities developed their technology, trade and agricultural practices after some interactions. Muslims resolved in producing large volumes of Sugar, cotton and wheat among other crops. Small part was internally consumed while the rest was transported to European region, for international trade purposes. The second phase of globalization also called proto-globalization occurred in the 16th and 17th century when European Empires explored other developing regions and this resulted to influence of the European culture and trade among other aspects. Portuguese and Spanish empires were the first to make such movements or initiatives and they colonized the United States and Horn of Africa among other territories. The British and the Dutch also followed and th e expanded or rather global trade links which further led to establishment of multilateral companies like the Dutch East India among others. There was an increased trade trend in food and slaves to the European regions. Slave trade promoted the spread of communicable diseases in both Africa and Europe, more so along the trade routes. The final stage of

Threshold Selection Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Threshold Selection - Case Study Example This essay discusses that there are many positive as well as negative responses to the various approaches that are followed by the human resource management while selection of the candidates for any job opening and the changes that the candidates that are selected in such a way bring about in the organization; these will be analyzed in this paper to assess how they influence the organization. With the launch of the UK’s 2010 Equality Act, that provided the opportunity for the human resource management to shift towards more progressive approach and selection on the basis of social group characteristics that included gender, ethnicity/race, disability, age, religion and sexual orientation. There was a large amount of hostile response towards this act. It was declared to be positive discrimination by stealth. Though discrimination usually means unfair, but selecting a candidate for a job on the basis of a set of characteristics is not only necessary but also a general practice. E very candidate has to be selected with respect to the job requirements as well as the needs of the organization. This article has provided a comparison of a variety of HR policies that are in place for the selection of suitable candidates for a job opportunity. There are a number of characteristics that are kept in mind while hiring the new staff for an organization. Such criteria and selection procedures often raise the concerns regarding unfair discrimination while the candidates are being interviewed., if not carefully monitored and responded to, these concerns can lead to legal issues not only for the organization but it can also effect the HR policies as a whole. For these reasons the governments launch general HR policies so that the points raised by the critics can be properly responded to. As mentioned in the article, various criticisms have been raised regarding the gender discrimination as there are various jobs that are not meant to be for the female staff. Or selection o f the candidates with respect to the political favors, one can avail by appointing politically favorable employees. Such discriminations are clearly discussed in the article and the response that such unfair differentiation gets by the commentators and the legalities that one organization might have to face as a result of the validation of such criticisms it can cost the organization a lot and it can also adversely influence the profession of human resource management. Thus the article suggests that acquiring the threshold selection model will be helpful and suitable to the organizations, their management and the candidates in general. Section Two: Summary of the research methods and findings This article has researched on the various selection policies and standards that are set by the general human resource ma

Integrating software applications in cloud-Enabled Enterprises Research Proposal

Integrating software applications in cloud-Enabled Enterprises methodology - Research Proposal Example 2. To implement software applications that enabled BYOD in the Enterprise domain. 3. To implement security protocols for BYOD devices that meet the needs of Enterprise frame working This chapter develops a research methodology for pursuing the objectives. The chapter includes research methods section that identifies the proposed methods for implementing the study, research design, and role of the researchers, the study’s facilitators, research participants, and instrumentation for the study. The section also discusses validity and reliability of the selected data collection instruments, data collection procedure, proposed data analysis approach and pilot study for the research. Research method The descriptive study proposes a mixed research approach for investigating its objectives. The method will be explored through field study. It integrates qualitative and quantitative techniques and has the advantages of minimizing weaknesses of each of the techniques and optimizing the t echniques’ strengths. Its advantages and its correspondence to the scope of the research justify its source. Data that is collected in quantitative techniques reflect on the actual value in an occurrence and not a researcher’s perception. ... Such data will inform needs in organizations’ computing systems and consequences of such needs towards development of optimal integrated systems with suitable software applications and desirable security measures. Research design Experimental design is proposed for the study’s quantitative approach. Blocked design will be used. It involves observation of data from partitioned sample space and suits the scope of the study that seeks data on features of integrated computing systems that can co-exist with an enterprise’s network, information on software applications are compatible with BYOD in an organization’s network, and security protocols that are suitable for BYOD in an enterprise’s network. Qualitative data will be collected based on participants’ experiences. The research design is predetermined and is therefore fixed. Role of the group members The group members will assume active roles in the research process. The group’s roles be gan with identification of the research’s title and scope, investigations into the study’s background information, and development of the research problem and research objectives. The groupalso assume the role of developing and implementing the research methodology. After data collection, the group will analyze the data and document research findings and recommendations to stakeholders to the study. Facilitators The group will also be facilitators of the study, will facilitate data collection processes, and technical aspects of data analysis and documentation of the study’s findings. Participants The study will involve three categories of participants, employees of

Dtlls - Enabling Learning and Assessment Essay Example for Free

Dtlls Enabling Learning and Assessment Essay Coursework 1 – Reflective Account of Peer Assessment Activity Within this piece of work I will be reflecting on an assessment activity used by a peer whilst I was observing their lesson for A-level psychology. The learners were all aged 17-19 and the lesson was on theories of depression and was a revision session for learners before their exams the following month. The assessment activity was an informal formative assessment where the students were placed into groups of two or three learners and were then given an area of the subject matter, the learners then had to create revision notes as a group on a piece of flipchart paper using their own notes and text books. The learners were then given 15 minutes to revise these notes, once this time was up the tutor then asked the learners to all find a new partner and then teach their revised notes to their peer. The ‘tutor’ peer would try to give all their key notes without looking at the flipchart, but some learners were allowed when they got stuck on certain points. The ‘student’ peer would have to take written notes to aid with their revision. The learners would then swap in their pairs and the roles would be reversed, after both learners had shared their revision notes they would then swap again to find a new learner to pair with, this process continued until all learners had a full set of revision notes for the subject. Brown et al on the subject of assessment ‘validity’ state ‘It is often described as the match between what is intended to be measured and what is measured.’ (Brown et al., 1997, p.239). I believe this activity was very valid as it allowed the tutor to assess the notes the learners would be revising from for a summative exam in the future. The aims of this assessment were explained in full detail and the learners understood what was expected of them from this activity. The point of the activity was for peer learning to take place to aid revision in the subject of theories of depression; this was definitely achieved by the end of the lesson as every learner had a full set of revision notes on each aspect of the subject confirming the validity of the assessment. The students were in charge of creating their own notes in each group and then passing these notes onto their peers, this does cause some reliability issues as with all learners some students may have put more effort into their revision notes than others. Therefore you may get a learner who has put as much information into his or hers notes as possible giving a vast amount of knowledge on a certain area of the subject and they may then  receive from a peer basic knowledge of another area of the subject. Reece and Walker talk of ‘reliability’ as ‘the ability of a test to consistently measure what it is supposed to measure.’ (Reece and Walker, 2007, p.348), I believe this method of assessment does not consistently measure but the tutor did circulate the classroom at all times aiding learners if they were finding it hard to put key points down on paper. This method does however aid differentiation as less able learners were given the chance to gain knowledge of the subject from more able learners. The more able learners also had the chance to practice and develop their subject knowledge aiding revision in the class. Word Count: 520 References Brown, G., Bull, J. and Pendlebury, M. (1997) Assessing Students Learning in Higher Education. Oxon, p.239. Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, Training and Learning: A Practical Guide. 6th ed. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers Ltd, p.321. Coursework 2 Assessment Information within own Organisation Assessment information within my own organisation is recorded from the beginning of a learner joining the college. Every potential student as part of the interview stage takes part in a minimum core assessment; this is a basic screening test to assess the student’s literacy and numeracy skills. This initial assessment allows us to correctly place the learner on the right level of course. These results are placed in the college database, following the enrolment of each learner the minimum core results form a group differentiation profile for each class; put together by the course leader. This profile is used by the tutor so they can differentiate learning tasks and understand individual learner’s needs from the very beginning. Once the course commences formative assessments are created by the tutor and used in each lesson. Each learner receives feedback from these assessments and if needed, targets can be set so the learner is clear on what is expected of them. Validity and reliability of assessments used during a course are checked at regular standardisation meetings within curriculum teams, these take place to sample marking of formative and summative theory assessments. Allowing tutors to internally verify samples of learners work so all tutors  in the department are consistent in their marking. Reece and Walker explain ‘validity’ as ‘how well the test measures what it is supposed to measure† (Reece and Walker, 2007, p.321). Within these meetings the team will also evaluate and create formative and summative assessments for future use; a chance to share good practice. The meetings are also used to discuss practical assessments as different tutors can have differing views on as sessment criteria; this aids the reliability of the assessments. Summative assessments are entered on a standardised tracking document which every tutor in the department can access. Updating this tracking document then enables each tutor or the head of department to see the progress of every learner helping to identify any ‘at risk’ students who may need more attention or end up not completing the course. This document is shared with the learners; they can see what still needs to be achieved to gain their qualification and how far they have come in terms of progression, this aids motivation in the classroom and also a sense of achievement to see how much they have already completed. The learners have logbooks provided by the awarding body VTCT, this is where tutors record all practical summative assessment and sign off to say they have met the criteria set by VTCT. The logbook is used by the learner to build a portfolio of consultations forms and photographs from practical’s, written assignments and any online tests the learner has to complete during the course. The college also uses Pro-Monitor a computerised package which tutors can record individual learner progress and set targets for learners to achieve by a certain time. Learners can access Pro-Monitor and input individual targets they wish to achieve, it can also show them graphs and visual aids on how much of their qualification they have achieved, this is brilliant for more visual learners who may find written feedback harder to understand. These different ways of recording assessment information are vital in enabling tutors to identify when students are falling behind and planning for future development, a side effect of not using these implements could be learners nearing the end of their course without completing assessments that are mandatory. References Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, Training and Learning- a Practical Guide. 6th ed. Sunderland: Business Edition Publishers, p.321. Coursework 3 – Evaluation of Assessment Activities Assessment is defined by Gravells and Simpson as ‘a measure of learning, at a given point in time. Relevant skills, knowledge and/or attitudes can be measured towards a subject or qualification.’ (Gravells and Simpson, 2008). There are three main types of assessment; initial, formative and summative; these types of assessment can then be informal in the way of crosswords, gapped hand-outs, quizzes, discussions and journals or they can be formal in the way of exams, assignments, tests and observations. Formative assessment, used properly, is such an integral part of the teaching and learning process that it could be argued that it shouldn’t even be called assessment. When we consider teaching and learning methods, many of them – questioning, case studies, and projects – are also assessment methods used as learning checks. Scales states ‘Assessment for learning is based on the belief that everyone can learn and formative assessment is a key strat egy to help learners improve and develop’ (Scales, 2010) With this in mind the first assessment activity to be evaluated is a crossword used as an informal summative assessment. Crosswords are a simple and easy way of assessing learner’s knowledge during a unit. Crosswords can be uploaded to the college interactive website ‘cloud’, learners can then download the activity as a form of homework or as an extension task during directed studies. These can then be handed in to the tutor for marking. A more effective method is to use a crossword as learning check during a lesson; once the learners have completed the crossword they can then discuss as a group the answers. The tutor can also use extended questioning, asking more able learners to explain in more depth an answer to help aid differentiation. Feedback from learners suggests that crosswords are a challenging way of testing knowledge and encourages the learners to look at subject matter in different ways without having to sit tests all the time, which can be very daunting for certain learners. Something gained from feedback from a group of level 1’s, is that because a majority of the learners have learning needs which affects their literacy; they find the crossword in itself challenging to complete. To overcome this it has been noted that providing learners with a word bank of key words for each unit has helped in completing such tasks as  crosswords, as the learner still needs to know which word they are looking for but aids in developing their spelling for the future. Feedback is the most important part of formative assessment; research suggests that immediate oral feedback is the most effective, whether this is done by one on ones or as a group discussion. The feedback provided should be developmental and make the learners extend their thinking and learning to a higher level and should also focus on positive points first before moving onto more ‘developmental’ area’s for the learner to consider. By conducting formative assessment it can ensure that the teacher gains a full understanding of the learners existing capabilities so that realistic goals can then be set and additional support if needed can be organised. With this feedback individual targets can then be created for each learner and placed on the college Pro-Monitor system where the learners can access their targets as and when needed to see how they are developing in the course. Learners are also encouraged to create their own personal targets on Pro-Monitor, using feedback from formative assessments it allows learners to realise key strengths and weaknesses to help in creating these targets. The use of this feedback is very much like the idea of ‘scaffolding’, Bruner (Wood et al., 1976) coined this term in the 1950’s and believed using a more knowledgeable other to challenge the learner to achieve more by providing ‘scaffolding’ to help them climb to higher levels. Learners in dialogue with teachers can see where they want to reach but initially may need help in the form of questions, prompts and pointers to get there. Summative assessment is the assessment of learning and it leads to the gaining of qualifications and grades. Weeden suggests ‘Summative assessment is a snapshot judgement that records what a learner can do at a particular time.’ (Weeden et al., 2002, p.19) This process of qualification is important for learners and it is good to keep in mind the emotional aspects and design of assessment in relation to validity and reliability. With this in mind the second assessment activity to be evaluated is a practical observation used as a formal summative assessment. Practical observations are used throughout all 3 NVQ levels in beauty therapy as the subject is extremely vocationally based. Beauty therapy NVQ’s are broken down into units, for each unit there will be practical assessments that have to be completed at the end of the unit, where the learner is observed and assessed by the teacher. VTCT are  the awarding body for the beauty therapy NVQ’s and they set out the practical assessment criteria for each unit, this criteria is printed in the learners logbooks which is where each assessment is signed off if a pass has been achieved. To aid the reliability of the practical assessments all beauty lecturers at the college come together at standardisation meetings where the criteria is discussed in detail and a learner marking sheet is created which includes each of the areas the learner has to meet to gain a pass in the assessment. If this was not done each teacher could interpret the assessment criteria in different ways therefore learners would not be assessed fairly and reliably. Petty states ‘the same examiner should give the same mark if they unknowingly mark a script twice on different days’ (Petty, 2009), using standardisation this means that even with practical based assessments the results should always be the same. To help learners during practical assessments learning outcomes are written on the whiteboard to highlight key points they will need to show competency in or do to achieve a pass in the assessment. During the observation the teacher will also ask questions to the learners to help achieve the unit criteria, this is also where differentiation of the learners can take place as more able learners will be asked more open-ended and higher order questions then less able learners who will be asked standard criteria questions. The use of cameras in practical assessments is something that is still fairly new and is being experimented with but does seem to show some success. As part of the observation learners have to keep their working area clean and tidy and show due regard for health and safety, the teacher can now take pictures of each learners working area before the assessment takes place and then at the commencement of the assessment. With regards to practical assessments like nail art, make-up and face painting the finished article can also be documented by a photo that the learner can then be used in their own portfolio to be sent to the awarding body. From these pictures the teacher can then feedback to the learner at the end of the assessment any positive points of the practical and also any areas that the learner would need to further develop, the learner can then have these pictures as a visual aid to understand how they can improve for the next assessment and also works as a good revision aid for the future. Another approach to embrace ICT in assessments is to video learners assessments so they can themselves evaluate  and feedback on client care and professionalism during their observation. It has been noted that using cameras in practical observations has been received well by the learners, they have commented that it brings a new dimension to receiving feedback and allows them to visualise areas they need to focus on improving and reinforces the assessment criteria for them too. Feedback from practical observation is given individually immediately after the learners assessment, feedback is given verbally with key points both positive and ones for development are written on the bottom of the consultation form the learner completed during the assessment (these consultation forms also go into the learners portfolio). Practical assessments can leave a lot to interpretation by the teacher so it is important the practical marking sheet is filled in during the observations and a pass or fail is determined by how many of the boxes the learner showed competence in, depending on which level the learner is currently studying determines the number of criteria they need to meet. Learners can feel very nervous and daunted by practical assessments at the beginning of the year as it the proverbial ‘unknown’, formative practical assessments do help to calm learners worries as they are a ‘trial run’ of the summative assessment, also setting out some time to explain and discuss the unit assessment criteria and what will be expected of them from this. During the practical observations themselves the use of cameras also seems to help learners forget the formalness of the observation and relax into the assessment. In conclusion all assessment methods should be a positive contribution to learning and good assessment activities are important to aiding teaching. However assessments are only worthwhile if they assist the learner and teacher to move through the learning outcomes of the unit, otherwise it is irrelevant. Designing assessment activities which stretch the learner’s abilities and promotes their development is a skill that comes with experience and understanding of the current learners on your course and it is definitely something that will always be tweaked and changed throughout your career. Word Count: 1,594 References Gravells, A. and Simpson, S. (2008) Planning and enabling Learning in the Lifelonf Learning Sector. Exeter: Learning matters, p.50. Petty, G. (2009) Teaching Today – A practical guide. 4th ed. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Scales, P. (2010) Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education, p.180. Weeden, P., Winter, J. and Broadfoot, P. (2002) Assessment: Whats in it for schools?. London: Routledge Falmer, p.19. Wood, D., Bruner, J. and Ross, G. (1976) The role of tutoring in problem solving. In: Journal of child psychology and psychiatry., pp.89-100.

Conflicts Of Interest Between Managers Owners And Creditors Finance Essay

Conflicts Of Interest Between Managers Owners And Creditors Finance Essay Managers, owners and creditors usually have the same fundamental objective that is to see the business prosper in the companies. But when companies are in financial distress, conflicts of interest between managers, owners and creditors arise. The reason to answer this problem is just because managers have different goals from owners and creditors. As we know, managers are usually hired to run a business of companies on behalf of owners. Thus, some problems can arise between managers and owners because interest of ownership is separated from interest of control especially when companies fall into financial distress. Managers may pursue some goals that bring benefits to them but may not be beneficial to the owners. Owners have their own shares and they think that their shares value will be increased. They have right to indirectly control of the operating decisions that influence the companies cash flows and others. Besides, creditors are the party who provide capital to companies at rates based on the riskiness of companies assets and on companies capital structure of debt and equity financing. Conflict of interest between owners and creditors is that owners want to borrow money at the lowest rate whereas creditors decide the rate based on the risks of companies investment projects and companies themselves. The more risks compan ies have, the more required rate on the firms debt will be paid. When a company faces financial distress and may be going to bankruptcy, there are usually two solutions to settle. The first solution is reorganization and continuation as a going concern. Managers usually like this solution as they can exercise control over what goes on during the company. The second solution is liquidation and selling off of the assets of the company. Managers usually do not like this solution and may resist whereas creditors like this solution as they stand to get their money from the liquidation value first. However, managers may not want this to happen and they may seek to bribe the creditors with a promise of getting more money than they should if the latter agree to the first solution. This is not in the interest of the owners. Conflicts of interest between managers, owners and creditors always exist even when the company is profitable. Therefore, the company has a cash surplus. Managers would want this money as a financial bonus and the shareholders would want this money as a stock dividend whereas creditors get paid a fixed amount and they get paid before the owners get paid. II: In a personal financial situation, give an example of opportunity cost. In a personal financial situation, opportunity cost of any investment is the return one could earn on the next best alternative. A simple way, we can understand that opportunity is the benefit you could have received by taking an alternative action. All investments of a company involve opportunity cost. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in one year because the dollar today can be invested and will increase more than a dollar in one year. The dollar you can get after one year carries an opportunities cost equal to the return on the forgone investment. Thus, opportunity cost is the forgoing cost and when there are a number of business alternatives. The decision makers always select the alternative which has the highest opportunity cost because if the decision maker selects any other alternative he or she has lost the opportunity. Companies usually use opportunity cost to evaluate a capital Investment project. The company can compare between the projected return and the return it would earn on the highest yielding alternative investment involving similar risk. For example, a company has a free amount of money in the bank that earning interest 10% after 1 year. If this company uses this amount of money to invest a project, it will get 15% profit after 1 year. In this example, opportunity costs of this company are 5% (15%-10%). Decision makers of a company always have to consider choosing the way which can give them the maximum benefit that can cover all costs. They use opportunity cost to analyze a project and the simplest way to estimate the opportunity cost is to compare the present choice with the next best alternative that could be made. However, it is not easy to make comparison because many alternatives do not have a market price or very difficult to calculate into money. Question III: In America, Vietnam or any other country, what is appropriate question to ask when evaluating an investment opportunity? Explain why. When evaluating an investment opportunity in America, Vienam or any other country, the appropriate question that company usually concern is what is the discount rate? The discount rate is rate of return that recognizes the time value of money. It is calculated based on cash flow expected in future from the investment. Management of a company always compares the discount rate of many projects to choose which projects with maximum return or wealth for the companys stockholders. The discount rate is also related to a risk factor that recognizes the uncertainty associated with achieving future profit forecasts. The risky projects can bring high discount rate to investors. However, it is not easy to determine the appropriate discount rate because it is calculated by using discounted cash flow techniques. Besides, the appropriate discount rate is influenced by some main factors. The first factor is related to macroeconomic conditions such as inflation, interest rates and country risksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Vietnam has higher country risks than America because Vietnamese policies can be changed very fast. The second factor is matter of the industry such as avera ge of profit ratio in the industry The third factor is the company policy which related to capital structure. Otherwise, there are some factors related to projects themselves. Evaluating the factors helps investors define discount rate and therefore they have an overview of the investment opportunity. Besides, management have to foresee the estimated future benefits are large enough to justify the current expenditure as well as the proposed investment based on capital budgeting. It is the most cost-effective way to achieve their goals. The discount rate to be applied can be based on the facts and circumstances of a particular case as well as the analysis of the likelihood of achieving forecasted lost profits. Companies have to assess the relevant factors in determining an appropriate discount rate that help them build a stronger case in support of their damage position. Question IV: Discuss the true economic cost to Daimler-Benz (Mercedes) when it purchased Chrysler in 1998. How did that workout? In May, 1998, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler Corporation, two of the worlds leading car manufacturers, agreed to combine their businesses. Daimler-Benz purchased the Chrysler Corporation at $37.3 billion. The former Chrysler Corporation was given autonomy to manufacture mass-market cars and trucks while the Germans firm continued to build luxury cars. Thus, purposes of this business for Daimler-Benz is to access to the North American market for automobiles without diluting the image of its Mercedes-Benz brand. Otherwise, with acquiring Chrysler they can get production capacity outside Germany and opportunity to learn from Chryslers envied process of making decisions quickly and bringing new vehicles to market promptly. However, the true cost to purchase the Chrysler is not $37.3 billion because the Chrysler has $15.5 billion in interest-bearing debt that makes the total price to purchase is $52.8 billion ($37.2 million + $15.5 million). Thus, Chryslers assets need to make future cash flow worth at least $52.8 billion. Therefore, the true economic cost to Daimler-Benz when it purchased Chrysler is over $52.8 billion. After purchasing Chrysler, Daimler-Benz firm had to bear many extra expenses related to changes in many factors such as leaderships, business strategy, culture clash and management styles. The Daimler is different from the Chrysler different in businesses. The Daimlers core competency is high-valued, technically advanced cars and focuses on development of luxury cars whereas Chrysler focused on mass market and considered as a very cost effective company. Moreover, European culture is far different from American style and there may appear conflict of management style in a short time. Thus, it is difficult to the business and cash flow for DaimlerChrysler in the future. Therefore, DaimlerChrysler faced failures in operating. Despite significant short and medium term expected synergies, DaimlerChrysler has been negative profits after the deal. In 2001, DaimlerChrysler got loss of $5.8 bi llion which was the biggest loss in German business history. In 2007, The Chrysler was bought of 80.1% (about $7.4 billion) by Cerberus Capital Management LP. This price is much cheaper than the price ($37.3 billon) when Daimler purchased Chrysler in 1998. After 9 years, this deal marked the divorce of Daimler and Chrysler. Question V: A sporting good manufacturer has decided to expand into a related business. Management estimates that to build and staff a facility of the desired size and to attain capacity operations would cost $275 million in present value terms. Alternatively, the company could acquire an existing firm or division with the desired capacity. One such opportunity is the division of another company. The book value of the divisions asset is $140 million and its earnings before interest and tax are presently $30 million. Publicly traded comparable companies are selling a narrow range around 12 times current earnings. The companies have debt-to-asset ratios averaging 40 percent with an average interest rate of 10 percent. Using a tax rate of 34 percent, estimate the minimum price the owner of the division should consider for its sale. Multiple = Market Value / EBIT (1-tax) Therefore, Market value = Multiple x EBIT (1-tax) Market value = 30 (1-0.34) x 12 = $237.6 million Market value = D + E D = 40% x $140 million = $ 56 million. E = Market value D = $237.6 million $ 56 million = $181.6 million. With calculation above, the minimum price the owner of the division should consider for its sale is the value of its equity (E). The minimum price is $181.6 million. b. What is the maximum price the acquirer should be willing to pay? The maximum price the acquirer should be willing to pay is the market value. In this case, it is $237.6 million c. Does it appear that that an acquisition is feasible? Why or why not? Because the companies have debt-to-asst ratios averaging 40 percent with an average interest rate of 10 percent, the price will be: $237.6 million + ($237.6 million x 40%) x 10% = $247.104 million The price above is less than $275 million. If the managements build and staff a facility, they have to pay $275 million. Thus, this acquisition is feasible. Otherwise, the company can utilize staff and facility. d. Would a 25 percent increase in stock prices to an industry average price-to-earnings ratio of 15 change your answer to (C)? Why or why not? In this situation, Market Value = $237.6 million x 1.25 = $297 million. The price in this situation is more than $275 million. If the managements build and staff a facility, they have to pay $275 million. Thus, with 25% increase in stock prices to an industry average price-to-earnings ratio of 15%, my answer to (c) will be changed. e. Referring to the $275 million price tag on the replacement value of the division, what would you predict would happen to acquisition activity when market values of companies and divisions rise above their replacement values? When market values of companies and divisions rise above their replacement value and related to the $275 million price tag on the replacement value of the division, I predict that the company will acquire existing firm or division with the desired capacity instead of building and staffing new facility. Question VI: What does it mean when a companys free cash flow is negative in one or more years? Free cash flow always measures how much money a company generates after deducting maintenance capital expenditure, but before capital expenditure on expansion. Free cash flow is important for any company because it a company can pursue opportunities that increase shareholder value with free cash flow. It is difficult for a company to launch new products, make any acquisition, pay dividends and reduce debt without enough cash. In theory, Free Cash Flow = Net Income + Amortization/Depreciation- Changes in Working Capital Capital Expenditures. Thus, if the free cash flow is negative in one or more years, company may have large investments. If these investments get a high return, profits that a company attains are more than costs to be paid. Otherwise, a profitable business or in some particular industries may have negative cash flow especially in the beginning of investments. In these cases, negative free cash flow of a company can be accepted in a short time but not in a long time. b. Do negative values of free cash flow in way alter or invalidate the notion that a companys fair market value equals the present value of its free cash flows discounted at the companys weighted average cost of capital? Free cash flow is the amount of cash a company has after expenses, debt service, capital expenditures, and dividends. The higher the free cash flow of a company, the stronger the companys Balance Sheet. Free cash flow can affect the value of a firm. Negative free cash flow can not define the value and it has no sense. However, negative values of free cash flow invalidate the notion that a companys fair market value equals the present value of its free cash flows discounted at the companys weighted average cost of capital. Some divisions of a company may accept loss in order to increase free cash flow of a company in the future. c. Suppose a companys free cash flows were expected to be negative in all future periods. Can you conceive of any reasons for buying the companys stock? Free cash flow is the most important number to be needed to know about a company before buying its stock. Big companies usually throw off large sums of free cash flow whereas young or growing companies may have a negative free cash flow. We can buy the companys stock if the companys free cash flow in the short time. However, if a companys cash flow were expected to be negative in all future periods, we should not buy their stock because the companys finance situation is not good. The company may get troubles in sales, heavy debt, ineffective investments or other causes in operation that result to a cash flow with higher expenditures than income. With negative cash flow in all periods, the company may have to bankruptcy. Therefore, there is no reason for buying its stock. However, if we know that the company has some big projects and will get high return in the long time, we can consider buying the companys stock because large investments can make the company having negative cash.

Toni Morrison and Charlotte Perkins Gilman :: comparison compare contrast essays

Toni Morrison and Charlotte Perkins Gilman    In this age of electric cars, flying machines, and Chinese take-out, it is easy to let certain every-day flaws slip past us.   Take for example language.   What percentage of American's say "I don't got any money" when in reality they don't have any money?   Sure it's just a minor flaw, a minute blemish that could easily pass unnoticed.   But, what about the next person who says, "I ain't got no money."   Is there a limit?   Is there a limit to how badly language can be mutilated, destroyed, or is death the ultimate confinement?   Nobel Prize winner, Toni Morrison, expresses her disgust and fear of such a death in her 1993 Nobel Prize Lecture.   She tells the story of an elderly blind woman whom is known and respected in her community for her wisdom and knowledge.   Morrison explains that "Among her people [the old woman] is both the law and its transgression" (Morrison 1993).   On one occasion, the woman is approached by some young people who are intent on taking advantage of her blindness.   They say, "Old woman, I hold in my hand a bird.   Tell me whether it is living or dead."   After some time the woman replies, "I don't know.   I don't know whether the bird you are holding is dead or alive, but what I do know is that it is in your hands. It is in your hands." (Morrison 1993)   Morrison interprets the bird to be language and the woman to be a practiced writer.  Ã‚   Morrison states that "[The woman] is worried about how the language she dreams in, given to her at birth, is handled, put into service, even withheld from her for certain nefarious purposes.   ...She believes that if the bird in the hands of her visitors is dead, the custodians are responsible for the corpse" (Morrison 1993).   The woman is aware that language, her very way of communicating with the world, her sole instrument of expression in modern society, is dying.   As language continues to die, the woman and her medium for expression become increasingly confined, with death as the final outcome.   She is shackled and detained by her inability to halt the holocaust, the complete and utter desecration of the language she loves so much.